Religious ecstasy is a type of altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness.The origins and future of the Dutch approach towards drugs. Uitermark, Justus. The origins and future of the Dutch approach towards drugs. Journal. of Drug Issues, Summer 2. With the recent resurgence of techno music and raves in the United States, the drug MDMA, known worldwide by the name “ecstasy,” has experienced a comeback. Adverse Psychological Effects of Ecstasy use and Their Treatment. Ecstasy was initially perceived as a drug with few adverse effects, as. Select the value you want and the recipient can use it towards any tour! Booking fee applies to gift certificate purchase (recipient won't be charged anything else). Some objects have such enduring beauty and energy that they evoke a visceral reaction. Rolls-Royce's 'Spirit of Ecstasy' hood ornament — or mascot, as the British. Find album reviews, stream songs, credits and award information for Fumbling Towards Ecstasy - Sarah McLachlan on AllMusic - 1993 - Although 1991's Solace made Sarah. The house of Tiziana Terenzi, known for its scented candles, presents its first Extrait de Parfum line in 2012. The line is inspired by fire with four different. Justus Uitermark Abstract This paper considers the roots of the Dutch approach towards. It argues that the idiosyncratic nature of Dutch drug policies. Netherlands ’ political institutions. The distinctive character. Dutch policies is explained through the concept of gedogen. Gedogen. refers to the practice of discriminatory enforcement. Gedogen can be. defined as a regulatory system of organized toleration and targeted repression. As such, the policy differs markedly. Policies towards ecstasy. ABC News television documentary with Peter Jennings on the history of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) also known as ecstasy. It includes a short history. Fumbling Towards Ecstasy; Studio album by Sarah McLachlan; Released: October 22, 1993 February 5, 1994 May 24, 1994 August 14, 1994 (see release history). Carnival Ecstasy - Carnival Cruise Reviews, Chat Rooms, Message Boards, Cruise Forums. After a revival of conservative politics, the country now seems. Introduction. This issue’s central theme is innovations in European. This assumes that, in Europe, there. Many commentators feel. Netherlands. The fact that prohibition. Netherlands provides us with. Levine, 2. 00. 3) and how these might be developed. Even though there are. Dutch drug policy, it is remarkable that successive. Dutch governments over the last 3. That. is, it would be a mistake to assume that the Netherlands , as a progressive. First, an analysis of the historical. Dutch drug policy is provided and some general features of the. Dutch approach are discussed. It will be argued that the distinctiveness. Dutch drug policies can largely be explained by taking into account. Netherlands ’ political. The reasons why recent political developments. Although there. is no conclusive evidence that major changes are underway, some elements. Dutch approach to drugs seem to be eroding. In particular, the. It is argued that each of these policy areas has its own dynamics. In. concluding, it is questioned whether in the future the Netherlands will. The roots of the Dutch drug policy. As is well known, Dutch policies are, to a certain extent. Switzerland in particular. Killias & Rabasa, 1. Nevertheless, the liberal attitude of the. Dutch government towards drugs seems unmatched by any other government. Many accounts of Dutch drug policy have focused in particular. Baan commission (Cohen, 1. The Netherlands, however, is not the. To explain Dutch drug policy. This means that. we should address the institutional context in which drug policy is shaped. This literature argues. Dutch politics. Protestants, Catholics, and secular liberals each. Since no group could impose its political. All this changed in the 1. Stuurman, 1. 98. 3). With this agreement. The result was a major modernization of the legal. Netherlands . Most importantly, the agreement. The system was based on a high level. Especially in. the immediate post- war period, 1. Cox, 1. 99. 5). From 1. Dutch drug policy began to take shape, and it became clear that the Netherlands. Even though it was not until 1. De Kort (1. 99. 5) convincingly argues that. Hulsman and Baan commissions (1. He. demonstrates that in both policy and enforcement, the commission reports. In his analysis, he shifts attention to the period prior to. Baan commission (1. De Kort. demonstrates that prior to the recommendations of these commissions. Outside of these three departments. United. Nations (UN) Single Convention agreements within the ministry of foreign. However, three. factors eventually tipped the balance in favor of comparatively lenient. It was customary for Dutch police to act on the basis. Moreover, the expediency. In particular. they feared that they were losing touch with the younger generation. Similar movements. For example, the. Provo’s party, a left- leaning libertarian party that originated. Amsterdam’s. local government. More generally, the youth movements were considered. The proportional electoral system. First, in line with theories of urban society (e. Lofland. 1. 97. 3; Bahrdt, 1. While this. is true for Amsterdam as much as it is for other large non- Dutch cities. Copenhagen, Berlin, and Manchester, it is important to note that. Netherlands is the most urbanized country in the European Union. Also, perhaps as. Sweden and the United States, where such nationalist. The polder model and the gedoog policy. Contemporary changes in Dutch drug policy should be analyzed. More recently, gedogen has been. The polder model refers to. This accord is not without precedents, however, and many scholars. In this interpretation, the polder model is not simply an. Terhorst & van de Ven, 1. Uitermark, 2. 00. While it initially. Delsen, 2. 00. 0). In this context, rules and laws. The. government performs a crucial role in this system as the primus inter. It intervenes when labor unions and employers. The role of the government in the management of education. In this area, too, the government plays a pivotal. As in education and the economy, the government. The. central government will assist in these matters only if it is necessary. In the. case of ecstasy, it means that consumption is condoned as long as there. Before elaborating on the attitude of the Dutch government in these. As a philosophy, gedogen. This implies that law. Enforcement of the law is considered. If desired goals can. As stated. above, the ability of institutions and people to regulate their own behavior. Van Oenen, 2. 00. Persons who adhere to this fundamentalist view might argue that. In their view, it is not of concern that. Proponents believe. Therefore, the argument goes. Can one then classify the Dutch approach as pragmatic (as do, for example. De Kort & Cramer, 1. Dutch. policies might prefer)? To call gedogen pragmatic would not do justice. Another feature that might easily be overlooked. Dutch policies are merely described as pragmatic is that they are. However, the gedoog policy is less arbitrary. Those regimes have only one rule, a fundamental. This allows an endless variety. By definition then, under the. American war on drugs that has not produced any results apart from. Mc. Caffrey’s characterization of Dutch policy. Maris, 1. 99. 9, p. U. S. The hypocrisy, then, is that one rule, and one. Cohen & Kaal, 2. As the following discussion of policies directed at. Collins (1. 99. 9) suggests. The basic goals are de- escalation and normalization – goals. Leuw & Marshall. As De Kort & Cramer (1. The ways in which priorities are set are not. Many Dutch citizens, however, do not view the gedoog policy in this. In the collective imagination of the Dutch. Partij van de Arbeid . For years this meant. Dutch economy that was. Visser & Hemerijck, 1. At some point, however, major feelings. Dutch society. Pim Fortuyn, the former sociology. May 6, 2. 00. 2, severely criticized the purple cabinet and said that. Within a. few months, the popularity of the purple cabinet dropped tremendously – even. In his farewell speech, former Prime Minister Wim. Kok said that gedogen was over. At the time he was addressing two recent. Enschede and a fire in a bar that killed and mutilated dozens of youths. Kok’s speech. marked a turning point. Gedogen would now be seen as simple carelessness. There is a general feeling that the whole philosophy of gedogen. It is instructive that the largest political party in. Netherlands, the Christen Democratisch Appel (CDA), has adopted as. So, all kinds. of problems have been blamed on gedogen, ranging from fires and explosions. To prevent such problems. Policies towards both these drugs are. U. S. How do these political and cultural shifts affect drug. Cannabis. Certainly the most famous element of Dutch drug policy. It is. important to emphasize that not just anyone who wants to sell cannabis. In fact, most municipalities do not allow coffee. In addition, the quantity of cannabis that can. A maximum. of five grams can be sold to each customer, and a coffee shop is not. When internal or external pressure. For example, when coffee shops were first permitted in Amsterdam. The number of coffee shops grew steadily, and many. In response, the municipality of Amsterdam. Official tolerance (gedogen) of the coffee shops began there. Before that, authorities could (and on occasion did) close down. Since that time, the enforcement of rules has become less arbitrary. Jansen, n. d.). When criminal behavior is detected in a coffee shop. Furthermore, the number of coffee shops that sell both cannabis. Intraval, 1. 99. 9). Nevertheless, the. The guidelines. set by the city council provide them with some security, and jurisprudence. With each lawsuit, it is now becoming. Thus, what may at first seem like a simple neglect of formal laws is. Thus, neighborhood residents can file complaints. Instead they focus on those problems that are especially. This serves as a prime example. While. suppression may lead to the relocation of markets (and nuisance), regulation. Even though. the number of coffee shops is relatively stable, over time this number. This situation has several. First and foremost, the system is slowly eroding. If the number of coffee shops declines and the level of. This will. make it more difficult to obey the 5. We can also expect. In addition, small, neighborhood. Several coffee shops have already. Whereas the first two processes are slowly evolving. They argue that the cannabis. Hence they argue that cannabis. Ecstasy. The Dutch government outlawed ecstasy in 1. Fromberg, 1. 99. 1; De Loor, 1. At that time. ecstasy was being imported from the United States, and there were concerns. Netherlands could become a production site for the drug. However, ecstasy consumption was of no concern. This changed when the Netherlands, like many other. While ecstasy use had previously been restricted to a small number. At the time, the experts generally. Around 1. 99. 0, most ecstasy users. De Loor, 1. 99. 8). When ecstasy. use began to rise and to become integrated into bourgeoning youth cultures. However, years before ecstasy became an official. They developed. policies in line with the harm reduction philosophy. From 1. 98. 6 onwards. The Safe House Campaign was the most explicit. The Safe House Campaign focused. AIDS prevention and nonharmful drug use. Police officials supported rather than frustrated. Instead, they looked closely.
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